mTOR signaling pathway

mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) exists in two complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 is the primary nutrient sensor — activated by amino acids, growth factors (IGF-1), and cellular energy, it promotes protein synthesis, lipogenesis, and suppresses autophagy. In peptide research, mTOR is a downstream target of IGF-1 LR3 (via IGF-1R → PI3K/AKT → mTORC1). Understanding mTOR dynamics is critical for studies involving cellular proliferation, hypertrophy, and longevity interventions.