Receptor binding and agonist selectivity

How peptides interact with receptors — affinity, potency, efficacy, and bias.

Peptide-receptor interaction is characterized by: - **Affinity (Kd)** — binding strength; lower Kd = tighter binding - **Potency (EC50)** — concentration producing 50% of maximal response - **Efficacy (Emax)** — maximal response achievable - **Selectivity** — preference for one receptor over related receptors - **Bias** — preferential activation of one signaling pathway over another Ipamorelin is the classic example of selectivity — it activates GHSR with minimal cross-talk at corticotroph or lactotroph receptors. Retatrutide demonstrates bias — its GLP-1R/GIPR/GCGR activation ratios differ from tirzepatide's dual profile.

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