Tube formation assay (angiogenesis)

HUVEC culture on Matrigel to model capillary-like structure formation.

HUVECs seeded on Matrigel (basement membrane extract) self-organize into capillary-like tube structures within 4–6 hours. Tube length, branch points, and network area are quantified via image analysis. This assay captures the later stages of angiogenesis (vessel maturation) rather than just proliferation. BPC-157 and GHK-Cu both enhance tube formation, though through different mechanisms: BPC-157 via VEGF/eNOS upregulation, GHK-Cu via copper-mediated FGF-2 induction.

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