Research terms

Every research term that appears in the Aurex wiki — receptors, assay methods, cell lines, biomarkers — defined once and cross-linked back to the peptide and concept entries that reference it. 30 entries.

A

AMPK(AMP-activated protein kinase)

Cellular energy sensor activated under low ATP / high AMP conditions. Regulates glucose uptake, fatty-acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis. Activated in vitro by metformin and by mitochondrial-derived peptides like MOTS-c.

See: [[MOTS-c]]

β-arrestin

Adapter protein recruited to GPCRs after activation; mediates desensitization, internalization, and biased signaling. β-arrestin recruitment vs cAMP accumulation ratios distinguish receptor-bias profiles in vitro.

See: [[glow]] · [[klow]] · [[retatrutide-20mg]]

B

Bacteriostatic water

Sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a bacteriostatic preservative. Standard diluent for reconstituting lyophilized peptide vials — the benzyl alcohol prevents microbial growth across the ~28-day reconstituted shelf-life. Aurex stocks 3 mL and 30 mL standalone vials for bench use.

See: [[reconstitution]] · [[Bac water 3 mL]] · [[Bac water 30 mL]]

BTCPay Server

Self-hosted, open-source crypto checkout server. Powers the Aurex -8% crypto rail: after order reservation the customer is redirected to a BTCPay invoice locked to the USD total minus 8%, payment confirms on-chain (BTC, ETH, USDC, USDT, LTC), and the order auto-marks paid via webhook. No third-party processor takes a cut.

See: [[crypto-discount]] · NMI Direct Post

C

cAMP(cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

Second messenger downstream of Gαs-coupled GPCR activation. cAMP-accumulation assays in HEK293 / CHO cells stably expressing a recombinant receptor are the standard in-vitro readout for receptor agonism (GLP-1R, GIPR, GCGR, MC3R, MC4R, GHRH-R).

See: [[Retatrutide]] · [[glow]]

COA(Certificate of Analysis)

Document issued by a third-party analytical lab summarizing assay results for a given batch — typically HPLC-UV purity, mass-spec identity match, peptide content by weight, and water content. Aurex publishes the full Janoshik COA per batch at /research/batch/[id].

See: [[janoshik-verification]]

CTR(Calcitonin receptor)

Class B GPCR. Forms heterodimers with RAMP1, RAMP2, or RAMP3 to generate amylin-receptor subtypes (AMY1R, AMY2R, AMY3R). Target of cagrilintide.

See: [[klow]]

E

ESI-MS(Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry)

Identity-confirmation assay used by Janoshik for every Aurex batch. The peptide's observed mass must match the theoretical mass within ±1 Da to release.

See: [[janoshik-verification]]

G

GCGR(Glucagon receptor)

Class B GPCR primarily on hepatocytes. Activation drives gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Co-target of triple-agonist retatrutide.

See: [[retatrutide-20mg]]

GHRH(Growth-hormone-releasing hormone)

Hypothalamic peptide. CJC-1295 is a synthetic GHRH analog that activates the GHRH receptor on pituitary somatotrophs.

See: [[cjc-1295-ipamorelin]]

GHSR(Growth-hormone secretagogue receptor (ghrelin receptor))

Class A GPCR on pituitary somatotrophs. Selective agonism by ipamorelin and MK-677 stimulates GH release without ACTH/cortisol/prolactin cross-activation.

See: [[cjc-1295-ipamorelin]]

GIPR(Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor)

Class B GPCR. Co-target of dual-agonist tirzepatide and triple-agonist retatrutide alongside GLP-1R.

See: [[glow]] · [[retatrutide-20mg]]

GLP-1R(Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor)

Class B GPCR expressed on pancreatic β-cells, hypothalamic neurons, and other tissues. Target of semaglutide, tirzepatide (dual), retatrutide (triple). Standard in-vitro readout: cAMP accumulation in CHO cells stably expressing recombinant GLP-1R.

See: [[klow]] · [[glow]] · [[retatrutide-20mg]]

GSH / GSSG

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is the cell's primary low-molecular-weight thiol antioxidant; glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is its oxidized form. The GSH:GSSG ratio is a redox-state biomarker.

See: [[Glutathione]]

H

HPLC-UV(High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection)

Purity-quantification assay used by Janoshik for every Aurex batch. UV detection at 214 nm captures the peptide bond. Aurex's purity floor is ≥98% main peak.

See: [[janoshik-verification]]

HUVEC(Human umbilical-vein endothelial cells)

Standard primary cell line for angiogenesis and VEGF/eNOS pathway studies in vitro.

See: [[BPC-157]]

I

IGF-1R(Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor)

Receptor tyrosine kinase activating PI3K/AKT and MAPK cascades. Target of native IGF-1 and the LR3 analog. Standard readout: receptor phosphorylation by Western blot in C2C12 myoblasts.

See: [[IGF-1 LR3]]

IGFBP(Insulin-like growth factor binding protein)

Family of 6 binding proteins that sequester native IGF-1, regulating its bioavailability. IGF-1 LR3's arginine-3 substitution dramatically reduces IGFBP binding affinity.

See: [[IGF-1 LR3]]

K

Karl Fischer titration

Standard analytical method for quantifying water content. Commonly reported on Janoshik COAs as a measure of vial dryness — high water content correlates with reduced shelf stability.

See: [[janoshik-verification]]

L

LAL(Limulus amebocyte lysate)

Endotoxin-detection assay. Optional Janoshik readout reported on a subset of batches when sterile-injection-research-relevant endotoxin levels are required (typically <0.25 EU/ml).

See: [[janoshik-verification]]

Lyophilizate

The dry porous cake of peptide left in the vial after freeze-drying — water sublimated under vacuum, peptide bonds preserved. The lyophilizate is what ships in every Aurex peptide vial; bacteriostatic water is added at the bench to reconstitute it.

See: [[lyophilization]] · [[reconstitution]] · Bacteriostatic water

Lyophilization

Freeze-drying. Solvent (water) is removed under vacuum, leaving a porous dry cake of peptide. Aurex peptide vials ship lyophilized for ambient stability and shipping resilience.

See: [[lyophilization]] · [[reconstitution]]

M

MC3R / MC4R(Melanocortin receptors 3 and 4)

Class A GPCRs in the melanocortin receptor family. Targets of bremelanotide (PT-141). Selectivity profiling across MC1R–MC5R distinguishes synthetic agonists.

See: [[PT-141]]

N

NAD+ / NADH(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Coenzyme central to redox biology and substrate for sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38. The NAD+/NADH ratio is a standard mitochondrial-energetics readout.

See: [[NAD+]]

NMI Direct Post(Network Merchants Inc. Direct Post API)

Card-rail payment processor used by Aurex for credit/debit checkout. Replaced Stripe after Stripe banned research-peptide merchants. NMI Direct Post posts the card form straight from the browser to NMI, so card data never touches the Aurex origin and PCI scope stays minimal. Pairs with the BTCPay crypto rail for a -8% discount alternative.

See: [[crypto-discount]] · BTCPay Server

P

PARP(Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase)

NAD+-consuming DNA-damage-response enzyme. PARP-1 cleavage and NAD+ depletion are common readouts in DNA-damage models.

See: [[NAD+]]

S

Sirtuin (SIRT1–SIRT7)

NAD+-dependent deacetylases. SIRT1 and SIRT3 are the most-studied — common deacetylase-activity assays use FOXO and p53 as substrates.

See: [[NAD+]]

Stack-tier floor

Pricing-rule term for the per-vial price unlocked when 3+ unique non-accessory peptide vials are present in the cart. Each peptide SKU carries a stackFloor price below its sale price; when the rule activates, every line drops to its stackFloor and a "Stack pricing (N vials)" line appears in the cart summary. Stacks with the -8% crypto discount.

See: [[stack-tier-pricing]] · [[cart-mechanics]] · [[crypto-discount]]

T

tBHP(tert-butyl hydroperoxide)

Pro-oxidant routinely used to model oxidative stress in vitro. Glutathione is commonly co-treated as a thiol-pool replenisher.

See: [[Glutathione]]

V

VEGF(Vascular endothelial growth factor)

Primary angiogenesis driver. Upregulated in vitro by BPC-157 in HUVEC and rodent cardiac tissue assays.

See: [[BPC-157]]

Glossary entries are research-literature definitions only. Aurex does not provide protocols, dosing, or therapeutic claims — see [[research-use-only]].